Participles

The present participle is formed from the infinitive + '-d' (lachend, spielend) and describes a simultaneous action.

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The rule

The present participle is formed from the infinitive + '-d' (lachend, spielend) and describes a simultaneous action. The past participle is used for the present perfect, the passive, and as an adjective. Both participles can stand before a noun like adjectives and are then declined. Present participle: infinitive + -d: schlafend, lachend, spielend (simultaneous action, active). Past participle: ge- + stem + -t/-en: gemacht, geschrieben (completed action, passive). As an adjective before a noun, participles are declined: der lachende Mann, das geöffnete Fenster. Present participle = active/simultaneous: Das spielende Kind (= das Kind, das spielt). Past participle = passive/completed: Das geöffnete Fenster (= das Fenster, das geöffnet wurde).

The forms

Participle I and II
GrundformPartizip I (tut gerade)Partizip II (ist getan)
kochendas kochende Wasserdas gekochte Ei
schreibendie schreibende Autorinder geschriebene Brief
öffnendie sich öffnende Türdie geöffnete Tür
spielendie spielenden Kinderdas gespielte Lied
lachenLachend ging sie hinaus.

Quick check

  1. singen → ___
    Form the present participle.
    Answer
    singend — Infinitive + -d
  2. Die ___ Frau winkt uns zu.
    Choose the correct form.
    1. lachende
    2. gelachte
    3. lachte
    4. lachenden
    Answer
    lachende — Present participle as an adjective: lachend + ending
  3. Das ___ Fenster lässt kalte Luft herein. (to open, past participle)
    Insert the correct participle.
    Answer
    geöffnete — Past participle as an adjective: geöffnet + -e
  4. Der geschreibene Brief ist fertig.
    Correct the mistake.
    Answer
    Der geschriebene Brief ist fertig. — schreiben → geschrieben (not geschreiben)
  5. Der ___ Hund bellt laut. (to bark, simultaneous)
    Present participle or past participle?
    1. bellende
    2. gebellte
    3. bellte
    4. gebellende
    Answer
    bellende — Simultaneous = present participle: bellend + ending
  6. ein gut ___ Steak (to fry)
    Form the past participle as an adjective.
    Answer
    gebratenes — Past participle + adjective ending: gebraten + -es

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